The number of cells circulating in the blood:
Includes full blood counts (FBC) to measure red cells, white cells, and platelets, providing essential information about anaemia, infections, inflammatory conditions, bone marrow function, and overall haematological health.

Microscopic examination of blood cells:
Involves preparing and analysing blood films to assess cell size, shape, maturity, and abnormalities crucial for diagnosing blood disorders such as leukemias, haemolytic anaemias, and platelet abnormalities.

A decreased or increased clotting ability of blood:
Assessed through coagulation studies (e.g., PT, INR, aPTT, fibrinogen) to detect bleeding disorders, clotting abnormalities, anticoagulant therapy levels, and conditions such as DIC or thrombophilia.

Flow cytometry studies for classification of leukaemias, as well as CD4 and CD8 counts for HIV monitoring:
Enables detailed immunophenotyping to distinguish between different types of haematological malignancies, guide treatment decisions, and monitor immune function—particularly essential in HIV care for assessing disease progression and effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy.

Blood group determinations:
Includes ABO/Rh typing and antibody screening to ensure safe blood transfusions, manage pregnancy-related incompatibilities, and support transplant readiness.

Investigation of haemolytic disorders:
Utilises tests such as reticulocyte counts, bilirubin levels, direct antiglobulin tests (DAT), and peripheral smear evaluations to identify causes of red cell destruction—whether immune-mediated, hereditary, or acquired.

Performing and examination of bone marrow aspirates and trephine biopsy sections:
Critical for diagnosing complex haematological conditions including leukemias, lymphomas, myeloproliferative disorders, anaemias, and bone marrow failure syndromes; provides insight into cellularity, morphology, and marrow architecture.